United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - atropine sulfate (unii: 03j5ze7ka5) (atropine - unii:7c0697dr9i) - atropine sulfate 0.1 mg in 1 ml - atropine sulfate injection, usp, may be given parenterally as a pre-anesthetic medication in surgical patients to reduce salivation and bronchial secretions. it may also be used to suppress vagal activity associated with the use of halogenated hydrocarbons during inhalation anesthesia and reflex excitation arising from mechanical stimulation during surgery. the antispasmodic action of atropine is useful in pylorospasm and other spastic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. for ureteral and biliary colic, atropine concomitantly with morphine may be indicated. atropine relaxes the upper gi tract and colon during hypotonic radiography. in poisoning by the organic phosphate cholinesterase inhibitors found in certain insecticides and by chemical warfare nerve gases, large doses of atropine relieve the muscarine-like symptoms and some of the central nervous system manifestations. it is also used as an antidote for mushroom poisoning due to muscarine in certain species such as amanita muscaria . atropine sulfate

Ireland - English - HPRA (Health Products Regulatory Authority)

international medication systems -

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - atropine sulfate (unii: 03j5ze7ka5) (atropine - unii:7c0697dr9i) - atropine sulfate injection, usp, is indicated for temporary blockade of severe or life threatening muscarinic effects, e.g., as an antisialagogue, an antivagal agent, an antidote for organophosphorus or muscarinic mushroom poisoning, and to treat bradyasystolic cardiac arrest. none. animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with atropine. it also is not known whether atropine can cause fetal harm when given to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. trace amounts of atropine was found in breast milk. the clinical impact of this is not known. recommendations for use in pediatric patients are not based on clinical trials. an evaluation of current literature revealed no clinical experience identifying differences in response between elderly and younger patients. in general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disea

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - sodium bicarbonate (unii: 8mdf5v39qo) (bicarbonate ion - unii:hn1zra3q20) - sodium bicarbonate 84 mg in 1 ml - sodium bicarbonate injection, usp is indicated in the treatment of metabolic acidosis which may occur in severe renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency due to shock or severe dehydration, extracorporeal circulation of blood, cardiac arrest and severe primary lactic acidosis. sodium bicarbonate is further indicated in the treatment of certain drug intoxications, including barbiturates (where dissociation of the barbiturate-protein complex is desired), in poisoning by salicylates or methyl alcohol and in hemolytic reactions requiring alkalinization of the urine to diminish nephrotoxicity of hemoglobin and its breakdown products. sodium bicarbonate also is indicated in severe diarrhea which is often accompanied by a significant loss of bicarbonate. treatment of metabolic acidosis should, if possible, be superimposed on measures designed to control the basic cause of the acidosis – e.g., insulin in uncomplicated diabetes, blood volume restoration in shock. but since an appreciable time int

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - morphine sulfate (unii: x3p646a2j0) (morphine - unii:76i7g6d29c) - morphine sulfate 1 mg in 1 ml - morphine sulfate is indicated for the relief of severe pain. it is used preoperatively to sedate the patient and allay apprehension, facilitate anesthesia induction and reduce anesthetic dosage. it is likewise effective in the control of postoperative pain. the use of morphine for the relief of pain should be reserved for the more severe manifestations of pain, as in myocardial infarction,severe injuries, or in severe chronic pain associated with terminal cancer after all non-narcotic analgesics have failed. effective analgesic therapy of severe chronic pain associated with terminal cancer continues to be a difficult problem. intermittent administration of intramuscular morphine may be effective; however, the mode of therapy has significant limitations. morphine has a short plasma half-life of 2.5 to 3.0 hours; therefore, frequent administration (every 1 to 2 hours) often becomes necessary to control severe pain associated with cancer. tolerance develops to the analgesic effects and increasingly higher doses

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - lidocaine hydrochloride (unii: v13007z41a) (lidocaine - unii:98pi200987) - lidocaine hydrochloride anhydrous 40 mg in 1 ml - lidocaine hcl topical solution, 4% is indicated for the production of topical anesthesia of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. lidocaine is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type.

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - lidocaine hydrochloride (unii: v13007z41a) (lidocaine - unii:98pi200987) - lidocaine hydrochloride anhydrous 20 mg in 1 ml - lidocaine hydrochloride injection, usp is indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia by infiltration techniques such as percutaneous injection and intravenous regional anesthesia by peripheral nerve block techniques such as brachial plexus and intercostal and by central neural techniques such as lumbar and caudal epidural blocks, when the accepted procedures for these techniques as described in standard textbooks are observed. lidocaine hcl is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type.

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - dextrose monohydrate (unii: lx22yl083g) (anhydrous dextrose - unii:5sl0g7r0ok) - 50% dextrose injection is indicated in the treatment of insulin hypoglycemia (hyperinsulinemia or insulin shock) to restore blood glucose levels.     the solution is also indicated, after dilution, for intravenous infusion as a source of carbohydrate calories in patients whose oral intake is restricted or inadequate to maintain nutritional requirements. slow infusion of hypertonic solutions is essential to ensure proper utilization of dextrose and avoid production of hyperglycemia. a concentrated dextrose solution should not be used when intracranial or intraspinal hemorrhage is present, nor in the presence of delirium tremens if the patient is already dehydrated. dextrose injection without electrolytes should not be administered simultaneously with blood through the same infusion set because of the possibility that pseudoagglutination of red cells may occur.

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - naloxone hydrochloride (unii: f850569pqr) (naloxone - unii:36b82amq7n) - naloxone hydrochloride injection is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of opioid depression, including respiratory depression, induced by natural and synthetic opioids including, propoxyphene, methadone and certain mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics: nalbuphine, pentazocine and butorphanol and cyclazocine. naloxone hydrochloride is also indicated for the diagnosis of suspected or known acute opioid overdosage. naloxone hydrochloride injection may be useful as an adjunctive agent to increase blood pressure in the management of septic shock. (see clinical pharmacology; adjunctive use in septic shock ). naloxone hydrochloride injection is contraindicated in patients known to be hypersensitive to it or to any of the other ingredients in naloxone hydrochloride. naloxone hydrochloride is an opioid antagonist. physical dependence associated with the use of naloxone hydrochloride has not been reported. tolerance to the opioid antagonist effect of naloxone hydrochloride is not known to occur.

United States - English - NLM (National Library of Medicine)

international medication systems, limited - lorazepam (unii: o26fzp769l) (lorazepam - unii:o26fzp769l) - lorazepam 2 mg in 1 ml - lorazepam injection, is indicated for the treatment of the status epilepticus. lorazepam injection, is indicated in adult patients for preanesthetic medication, producing sedation (sleepiness or drowsiness), relief of anxiety, and a decreased ability to recall events related to the day of surgery. it is most useful in those patients who are anxious about their surgical procedure and who would prefer to have diminished recall of the events of the day of surgery (see precautions, information for patients ). lorazepam injection is contraindicated in patients with a known sensitivity to benzodiazepines or its vehicle (polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and benzyl alcohol), in patients with acute narrow-angle glaucoma, or in patients with sleep apnea syndrome. it is also contraindicated in patients with severe respiratory insufficiency, except in those patients requiring relief of anxiety and/or diminished recall of events while being mechanically ventilated. the use of lorazepam injection intra-arterially is contraindicated because, as with other injectable benzodiazepines, inadvertent intra-arterial injection may produce arteriospasm resulting in gangrene which may require amputation (see warnings ). lorazepam injection is contraindicated for use in premature infants because the formulation contains benzyl alcohol. (see warnings  and precautions - pediatric use ). lorazepam injection contains lorazepam, a schedule iv controlled substance orazepam injection is a benzodiazepine and a cns depressant with a potential for abuse and addiction. abuse is the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug, even once, for its desirable psychological or physiological effects. misuse is the intentional use, for therapeutic purposes, of a drug by an individual in a way other than prescribed by a health care provider or for whom it was not prescribed. drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that may include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling drug use (e.g., continuing drug use despite harmful consequences, giving a higher priority to drug use than other activities and obligations), and possible tolerance or physical dependence. even taking benzodiazepines as prescribed may put patients at risk for abuse and misuse of their medication. abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines may lead to addiction. abuse and misuse of benzodiazepines often (but not always) involve the use of doses greater than the maximum recommended dosage and commonly involve concomitant use of other medications, alcohol, and/or illicit substances, which is associated with an increased frequency of serious adverse outcomes, including respiratory depression, overdose, or death. benzodiazepines are often sought by individuals who abuse drugs and other substances, and by individuals with addictive disorders (see warnings, abuse, misuse, and addiction ). the following adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: abdominal pain, amnesia, anorexia, anxiety, aggression, ataxia, blurred vision, confusion, depression, disinhibition, disorientation, dizziness, euphoria, impaired concentration and memory, indigestion, irritability, muscle pain, slurred speech, tremors, and vertigo. the following severe adverse reactions have occurred with benzodiazepine abuse and/or misuse: delirium, paranoia, suicidal ideation and behavior, seizures, coma, breathing difficulty, and death. death is more often associated with polysubstance use (especially benzodiazepines with other cns depressants such as opioids and alcohol). lorazepam injection may produce physical dependence if used more frequently than recommended. physical dependence is a state that develops as a result of physiological adaptation in response to repeated drug use, manifested by withdrawal signs and symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or a significant dose reduction of a drug. although lorazepam injection is indicated only for intermittent use (see indications and usage and dosage and administration ), if used more frequently than recommended, abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction or administration of flumazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, may precipitate acute withdrawal reactions, including seizures, which can be life-threatening. patients at an increased risk of withdrawal adverse reactions after benzodiazepine discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction include those who take higher dosages (i.e., higher and/or more frequent doses) and those who have had longer durations of use (see warnings, dependence and withdrawal reactions ). for patients using lorazepam injection more frequently than recommended, to reduce the risk of withdrawal reactions, use a gradual taper to discontinue lorazepam injection (see warnings, dependence and withdrawal reactions ). acute withdrawal signs and symptoms acute withdrawal signs and symptoms associated with benzodiazepines have included abnormal involuntary movements, anxiety, blurred vision, depersonalization, depression, derealization, dizziness, fatigue, gastrointestinal adverse reactions (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite), headache, hyperacusis, hypertension, irritability, insomnia, memory impairment, muscle pain and stiffness, panic attacks, photophobia, restlessness, tachycardia, and tremor. more severe acute withdrawal signs and symptoms, including life-threatening reactions, have included catatonia, convulsions, delirium tremens, depression, hallucinations, mania, psychosis, seizures, and suicidality. protracted withdrawal syndrome protracted withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines is characterized by anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression, insomnia, formication, motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremor, muscle twitches), paresthesia, and tinnitus that persists beyond 4 to 6 weeks after initial benzodiazepine withdrawal. protracted withdrawal symptoms may last weeks to more than 12 months. as a result, there may be difficulty in differentiating withdrawal symptoms from potential re-emergence or continuation of symptoms for which the benzodiazepine was being used. tolerance to lorazepam injection may develop after use more frequently than recommended. tolerance is a physiological state characterized by a reduced response to a drug after repeated administration (i.e., a higher dose of a drug is required to produce the same effect that was once obtained at a lower dose). tolerance to the therapeutic effect of benzodiazepines may develop; however, little tolerance develops to the amnestic reactions and other cognitive impairments caused by benzodiazepines.